Entities tutorial: Community reporting

Many kinds of organizations use forms to capture problem reports from their communities:

• hospitals ask patients and nurses to report unclean conditions or missing supplies

• student leaders ask other students to make suggestions to improve their schools

• towns ask residents to report broken streetlights, fallen trees, etc

In this tutorial, you'll use Entities to build out a workflow in which town residents report problems and town employees address them.

See also

• Behind the scenes video from the development of this tutorial.

• Entities introduction

• 🇫🇷 French translation

Goals

• Create Entities from form submissions

• Access Entities in a follow-up form

• Update Entities from form submissions

Capture problem reports with a simple form

See also

If you're not yet confident with building XLSForms, start with XLSForm tutorial: Your first form.

A problem report form can be very simple. All you must capture so that town employees can find and fix reported problems are a title, a description and a location. You can build a form to capture that information yourself or use our example.

You could stop here and build a workflow around this simple form. For example, you could publish the form as a Public Access Link, make a QR code from it (using a service such as Adobe's), and post it in public locations for community members to use. Then you could have town employees watch the form submissions in Excel and use additional columns in a shared spreadsheet to manage the process of addressing new problems.

This approach requires manual intervention and coordination through a spreadsheet, both of which can be time-consuming and error-prone. Let's instead use ODK Entities to help manage addressing problems in real time.

Create Entities for each reported problem

We'd like to have reported problems automatically become available in another form so that town employees can manage and address those problems. To do this in ODK, we can use Entities. An Entity represents a unique thing that can be shared between various forms (see Managing Entities in Central).

Let's start by taking our existing Report a problem form and have it create Entities representing problems.

1. Open or create the entities sheet in the Report a problem form.

2. In the list_name column, put the name of the Entity List that you want to create Entities in: problems. This name will generally be a plural noun representing a collection of the things you want to share between forms.

3. In the label column, put an expression to define the label for each problem: ${problem_title}. This label will be used in Central to identify each entity as well as in any selects you define in follow up forms.

These additions will make submissions for this form create problems with a user-defined label and a system-generated unique identifier. In this case, you also want to make the problem details and location available to follow-up forms.

1. Open the survey sheet in the Report a problem form.

2. Find or add the save_to column (it is not included in the XLSForm template by default).

3. In the save_to column for the form field that captures the problem description, put the name of the Entity property to save the value to: details

4. In the save_to column for the form field that captures the problem location, put the name of the Entity property to save the value to: geometry. Using the special property name geometry will allow you to show all problems on a map in a follow-up form (see select one from map).

See the working Report a problem form.

Verify that Entity creation works

Entities aren't currently created as part of form draft testing so you will need to work in a real project to test your form.

1. Navigate to or create a Central project that you will use just for tutorials and testing (see the guide on testing forms).

   Warning

   You can use an existing project that has real forms but note that entity lists can't yet be deleted so the problems list you create will exist until entity list deletion arrives in Central.

2. Click on the New button and upload your new form. Depending on how you are authoring XLSForms, you may first need to download or export the form as XLSX.

3. Fix any form conversion errors and then publish the form.

4. Click on the Submissions tab and then the New button to use a web form to create one or more new submissions.

5. Refresh the submissions table to see the new submission(s) and then click on on More on one of the submissions to see the submission details page. You should see that this submission created an Entity in the problems list:

   

View reported problems on a map

Let's now create a second form which will be used by town employees to view reported problems on a map.

1. Create a new form by copying the XLSForm template. Give it the filename Address a problem.

2. Go to the settings sheet.

3. In the form_title column, put a title that people who interact with this form should see: Address a problem

4. In the form_id column, put an ID that uniquely identifies this form: address_problem

5. Add a field list group to show multiple questions on a single screen:

   1. Go to the survey sheet.

   2. In the type column, put begin_group

   3. In the name column, put entity

   4. In the appearance column, put field-list

6. Add a select question that shows all reported problems on a map:

   1. In the type column, put select_one_from_file problems.csv which will automatically link to the problems Entity List because of the problems.csv filename.

      Warning

      The filename specified is case-sensitive and it must exactly match the Entity List name specified in the problem reporting form or the two forms will not share Entities.

   2. In the name column, put problem

   3. In the appearance column, put map

7. Add a note question to show the selected problem's details:

   1. In the type column, put note

   2. In the name column, put problem_details

   3. In the label column, put Details: instance('problems')/root/item[name=${problem}]/details

      Note

      Don't worry if this part looks unfamiliar. Copy it as is, and after you finish the tutorial, you can learn more in the List lookups sheet in the XLSForm template.

8. Close the field list group:

   1. In the type column, put end_group

9. Upload the form to Central in the same project as the Report a problem form and try its draft. If you use the draft QR code in the Collect mobile app, you will see a map of all reported problems. If you use a web form for testing, you will see a list of reported problems by label (because select from map is not yet implemented).

You can now view reported problems! When a new problem is reported, it will appear in the follow-up form the next time the form is updated. If you're online, updates typically happen automatically every 15 minutes.

Capture information about the action taken

You can now add to the Address problem form to capture information about any actions that the town employee takes.

1. Add a field list group to show multiple questions on a single screen:

   1. Go to the survey sheet.

   2. In the type column, put begin_group

   3. In the name column, put action

   4. In the appearance column, put field-list

2. Add a text question to get a description of the action taken:

   1. In the type column, put text

   2. In the name column, put action_taken

   3. In the label column, put Describe the action you have taken

3. Add a select question to get the new status of the problem:

   1. In the type column, put select_one statuses

   2. In the name column, put status

   3. In the label column, put What is the problem status after your action?

4. Go to the choices sheet.

5. Add a choice for actions that address the problem:

   1. In the list_name column, put statuses

   2. In the name column, put addressed

   3. In the label column, put Addressed

6. Add a choice for actions that don't fully address the problem:

   1. In the list_name column, put statuses

   2. In the name column, put needs_followup

   3. In the label column, put Needs follow-up

7. Update your draft in Central and try it out to make sure it works as intended.

Update a problem's status

You can now capture information about problems that are addressed or that still need action. However, this is not that useful because problems that have been addressed are still visible from the Address problem form which could lead to confusion and duplication of effort.

We need to filter out addressed problems from the select in Address problem so that it only shows problems that require action.

Let's update a problem Entity's status when the Address problem form is filled out about it. We'll then be able to filter out problems with a status of addressed.

1. Declare that this form's submissions should update Entities in the problems Entity List:

   1. Go to the entities sheet of the Address problem form.

   2. In the list_name column, put problems

   3. Delete the label column if it exists because this form does not need to update the label of problem Entities.

   4. In the entity_id column (you may need to add it), put ${problem} to indicate that the value of the problem form field represents the unique identifier of the problem Entity to update.

2. Update the value of the status Entity property:

   1. Go to the survey sheet.

   2. In the save_to column (you may need to add it) for the status field, put status

3. Filter out problems with a status of addressed

   1. In the choice_filter column for the row of the question named problem, put status != 'addressed' to indicate that only problems with a status other than 'addressed' should be included.

   Note

   Using a filter like this means it will not be possible to edit submissions on the server because the selected Entity that was addressed by the submission will be filtered out on edit. In many Entity-based workflows, submission edits are unnecessary and can be avoided. In this workflow you can allow them by changing the choice filter to status != 'addressed' or name = current()/..

4. Fix any form conversion errors and then publish the form. Entity updates currently only work with a published form, just like Entity creation.

See the working Address a problem form.

Try out the full workflow

Let's report a few problems using the web form.

1. In Central, go to your project or the server landing page and then click on the * icon to the right of the Report a problem form. That icon and the number next to it represent the total number of current submissions. Clicking it will jump directly to the Submissions tab.

   

2. Click the New button to initiate a new submission.

3. Report a few problems in different locations.

You could also address problems using the web form but to get the map view, let's use the Collect mobile app.

1. Go to your project page in Central.

2. Click on the App Users tab.

3. Create a new App User with name Employee1.

4. Scan the App User QR code from Collect.

5. Click on the Form Access tab.

6. Give Employee1 access to the Address a problem form. You can optionally also given it access to Report a problem.

7. Open the Address a problem form and address some problems! Make sure to tap the refresh button in Start new form before each problem resolution (⟳) to get the latest status updates.

You now have two forms that work together to support a problem reporting and resolution workflow that can be applied to many different environments.

Note

Addressed problems are filtered out of the Address a problem select but they are still sent to all devices. This will become impractical after tens of thousands of problems. In a future ODK version, it will be possible to archive Entities that are no longer needed.

Your turn

1. Can you set a marker-color Entity property to #FFFF00 (yellow) if the status is set to needs_followup? (hint: use a calculation with if)

2. Can you set a marker-symbol Entity property to ❗️ if the status is set to needs_followup?

3. Can you show addressed problems on the map with a ✅ symbol instead of filtering them out?

4. Can you specify a constraint to show an error when an addressed problem is selected? (note: this is incompatible with server-based submission edits, just like the original choice filter)

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